آنتی بیوتیک
Classes of antibiotics and their properties
|
Chemical class |
Examples |
Biological source |
Spectrum (effective against) |
Mode of action |
|
Beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins) |
Penicillin G, Cephalothin |
Penicillium notatum and Cephalosporium species |
Gram-positive bacteria |
Inhibits steps in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein assembly |
|
Semisynthetic penicillin |
Ampicillin, Amoxycillin |
|
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
Inhibits steps in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein assembly |
|
Clavulanic Acid |
Clavamox is clavulanic acid plus amoxycillin |
Streptomyces clavuligerus |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
Suicide inhibitor of beta-lactamases |
|
Monobactams |
Aztreonam |
Chromobacter violaceum |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
Inhibits steps in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein assembly |
|
Carboxypenems |
Imipenem |
Streptomyces cattleya |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
Inhibits steps in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein assembly |
|
Aminoglycosides |
Streptomycin |
Streptomyces griseus |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
Inhibit translation (protein synthesis) |
|
|
Gentamicin |
Micromonospora species |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria esp. Pseudomonas |
Inhibit translation (protein synthesis) |
|
Glycopeptides |
Vancomycin |
Streptomyces orientales |
Gram-positive bacteria, esp. Staphylococcus aureus |
Inhibits steps in murein (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis and assembly |
|
Lincomycins |
Clindamycin |
Streptomyces lincolnensis |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria esp. anaerobic Bacteroides |
Inhibits translation (protein synthesis) |
|
Macrolides |
Erythromycin |
Streptomyces erythreus |
Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria not enterics, Neisseria, Legionella, Mycoplasma |
Inhibits translation (protein synthesis) |
|
Polypeptides |
Polymyxin |
Bacillus polymyxa |
Gram-negative bacteria |
Damages cytoplasmic membranes |
|
|
Bacitracin |
Bacillus subtilis |
Gram-positive bacteria |
Inhibits steps in murein (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis and assembly |
|
Polyenes |
Amphotericin |
Streptomyces nodosus |
Fungi |
Inactivate membranes containing sterols |
|
|
Nystatin |
Streptomyces noursei |
Fungi (Candida) |
Inactivate membranes containing sterols |
|
Rifamycins |
Rifampicin |
Streptomyces mediterranei |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
Inhibits transcription (eubacterial RNA polymerase) |
|
Tetracyclines |
Tetracycline |
Streptomyces species |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Rickettsias |
Inhibit translation (protein synthesis) |
|
Semisynthetic tetracycline |
Doxycycline |
|
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Rickettsias Ehrlichia, Borrelia |
Inhibit translation (protein synthesis) |
|
Chloramphenicol |
Chloramphenicol |
Streptomyces venezuelae |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
Inhibits translation (protein synthesis) |


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